Rapid and Sensitive Spectroelectrochemical Detection of Lidocainehydrochloride and Caffeine with Screen-Printed Electrodes

A. Habekost^1,

¹Department of Chemistry, Ludwigsburg University of Education, Reuteallee 46, D-71634 Ludwigsburg, Germany

Cite this paper

A. Habekost. Rapid and Sensitive Spectroelectrochemical Detection of Lidocainehydrochloride and Caffeine with Screen-Printed Electrodes. World Journal of Chemical Education. 2016; 4(5):107-113. doi: 10.12691/WJCE-4-5-3

Abstract

In analytical and environmental chemistry there is a persistent need for rapid, inexpensive and sensitive detection of harmful organic compounds such as medicinal products, e.g. lidocaine, that can cause low blood pressure and an irregular heart rate and that often contaminate waste water, or caffeine, a screening-parameter for determining the quality of drinking water because it enters drinking water reservoirs only via the contamination of waste water. This article presents some reliable and easily performed spectroelectrochemical measurements, such as electrogenerated chemiluminescence (ECL), to identify lidocaine and caffeine. The main features of the spectroelectrochemical method are screen-printed electrodes (SPE) that use gold as the working electrode. In addition, this article compares the results of a low-cost experimental set-up ideal for classroom experiments with professional ECL-equipment. The experiments were conducted in an undergraduate-level university course in electrochemistry.

Keywords

upper-division undergraduate, hands-on learning/manipulatives, electrochemistry, mass-spectrometry

Copyright

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/

References

[1]	Bard, A. J. (Ed.); Electrogenerated Chemiluminescence. Marcel Dekker, New York, 2004.
[2]	Richter, M.M. Electrochemiluminescence (ECL). Chem. Rev. 2004, 104, 3003-3036.
[3]	Parveen, S.; Aslam, M.S.; Hu, L.; Xu, G. Electrogenerated Chemiluminescence. Protocols and Applications. Springer, Heidelberg, Germany, 2013.
[4]	Habekost, A. Investigations of Some Reliable Electrochemiluminescence Systems on the Basis of tris(bipyridyl)Ruthenium(II) for HPLC Analysis. World J. Chem. Educ. 2016, 4, 13-20.
[5]	Gerardi, R.D.; Barnett, N.W.; Lewis, S.W. Analytical applications of tris(2,2'-bipyridyl)ruthenium(III) as a chemiluminescent reagent. Analyt. Chim. Acta, 1999, 378, 1-43.
[6]	Fähnrich, K.A.; Pravda, M.; Guilbault, G.G. Recent applications of electrogenerated chemiluminescence in chemical analysis. Talanta. 2001, 54, 531-559.
[7]	Schmidt, H-J.; Marohn A.; Harrison, A.G. Factors that prevent learning in Electrochemistry, J. Res. in Sci. Teaching, 2007, 44, 258-283.
[8]	Garnet P.J.; Treagust, D.F. Conceptual difficulties experienced by senior high school students of electrochemistry: Electrochemical (galvanic) and electrolysis cells. J. Res. in Sci. Teach. 1992, 29, 1079-1099.
[9]	Ogude, N.A.; Bradley, J.D. Electrode processes and aspects relating to cell EMF, current, and cell components in operating electrochemical cells. J. Chem. Educ. 1996, 73, 1145-1149.
[10]	Sanger, M.J.; Greenbowe, T.J. Addressing student misconceptions concerning electron flow in aqueous solutions with instruction including computer animations and conceptual change strategies. Intern. J. Sci. Educ. 2000, 22, 521-537.
[11]	Huddle, A.H.; White, M.D.; Rodgers, F. Using a teaching model to correct known misconceptions in electrochemistry. J. Chem. Educ. 2000, 77, 104-110.
[12]	Acar, B.; Tarhan, L. Effect of cooperative learning strategies on students’ understanding of concepts in electrochemistry. Int. J. Sci. and Math. Educ. 2007, 5, 349-373.
[13]	Aristov, N; Habekost, A. Cyclic Voltammetry - A Versatile Electrochemical Method Investigating Electron Transfer Processes. World J. Chem. Educ. 2015, 3, 5 115-119.